Contactez-nous

Velobet Casino Free Spins 2026 : ce que valent vraiment les tours gratuits et comment les exploiter sans se faire avoir

Velobet Casino Free Spins 2026 : ce que valent vraiment les tours gratuits et comment les exploiter sans se faire avoir

Velobet casino free spins 2026, c’est la requête qui tourne en boucle sur les moteurs de recherche depuis plusieurs mois. Les joueurs cherchent des tours gratuits, les forums en débattent, et les sites d’affiliation empilent les pages optimisées autour de cette expression. Le problème, pardon — l’angle est toujours le même : on promet des « cadeaux » sans jamais expliquer la mécanique réelle derrière ces offres. Ce guide prend le contre-pied. Il analyse Velobet comme opérateur du marché iGaming international, détaille le fonctionnement concret des free spins 2026, compare les conditions d’offre entre opérateurs présents en France, et surtout — chiffre à l’appui — vous montre quand un tour gratuit vaut réellement quelque chose et quand il ne s’agit que d’un appât coûteux.

Pour poser les bases avant d’entrer dans le vif du sujet : Velobet est un casino en ligne opéré par Santeda International B.V., une société enregistrée au Curaçao. La plateforme propose un catalogue de machines à sous, des jeux live, un bookmaker sportif et une offre de tours gratuits intégrée à son pack de bienvenue. Le marché français étant strictement régulé par l’Autorité nationale des jeux (ANJ), aucun opérateur non agréé ne peut proposer ses services légalement aux résidents hexagonaux. Cette distinction entre « accessible » et « légal » n’est pas un détail de vocabulaire : elle conditionne tout ce qui suit.

Ce guide couvre l’ensemble du sujet — fonctionnement technique des free spins, calcul du rendement attendu, cadre légal français pour le jeu en ligne en 2026, comparaison avec dix opérateurs présents sur le marché FR, critères de sélection pour choisir un casino fiable avec retrait rapide, options mobiles incluant application casino sans dépôt et casino mobile argent réel, ainsi que les meilleures machines à sous pour exploiter efficacement vos tours gratuits.

Velobet Casino : identité de l’opérateur et conditions réelles des free spins 2026

Velobet appartient au portefeuille de Santeda International B.V., société basée aux Antilles néerlandaises (Curaçao). Le site fonctionne sous licence eGaming délivrée par le gouvernement de Curaçao — numéro d’enregistrement habituellement affiché dans le pied de page du site. Pour un joueur français, ce statut a une conséquence directe : Velobet ne figure pas sur la liste des opérateurs agréés par l’ANJ. Autrement dit, y jouer depuis la France relève du cadre grise juridique — ni explicitement poursuivi chez le joueur individuel (l’ANJ sanctionne d’abord l’opérateur), ni couvert par la protection réglementaire française en cas de litige.

Casino en ligne craps 2026 : le guide complet pour jouer sans se faire avoir
Casino avec Book of Dead 2026 : le guide honnête pour ne pas se faire avoir

Les free spins Velobet 2026 s’intègrent dans plusieurs offres distinctes. Le pack de bienvenue classique combine un bonus sur premier dépôt (typiquement jusqu’à 150 % avec plafond) et une allocation de tours gratuits crédités sur un titre précis du catalogue slots. Un second type d’offre concerne les promotions récurrentes : journées spéciales (« Happy Hours »), bonus fidélité ou jetons distribués lors d’événements saisonniers. Un troisième format existe sous forme de no deposit — c’est-à-dire des tours gratuits sans dépôt requis — mais ces offres sont généralement limitées à quelques unités (5 à 15 maximum) avec conditions strictes.

La question centrale reste inchangée : combien valent ces tours ? Un tour gratuit sur machine à sous standard coûte entre 0,10 € et 0,50 € selon le titre sélectionné par l’opérateur. Si Velobet attribue 50 free spins sur un jeu dont la mise unitaire est fixée à 0,10 €, votre « cadeau » vaut exactement 5 € brut. Après application du taux théorique de retour au joueur (RTP) typique des slots modernes — entre 94 % et 97 % selon les titres — votre espérance mathématique tombe autour de 4,70 € avant même qu’on évoque la mise requise.

Cette mise requise est ce qu’on appelle condition de mise ou wagering requirement. Sur Velobet comme ailleurs dans l’industrie iGaming internationale hors régulation française stricte, elle oscille entre x30 et x50 sur gains issus des free spins. Appliquons : si vos 5 € théoriques deviennent gains nets après mise minimale (disons que vous touchez effectivement environ 4-5 €), multiplier par x35 signifie que vous devez miser environ entre 140 € et 175 € avant autorisation de retrait.

Calcul concret : combien rapporte réellement un pack Velobet

Prenons un scénario type réaliste pour évaluer si Velobet casino free spins 2026 mérite votre temps :

  • Offre simulée : 100 tours gratuits après dépôt minimum de 15 €
  • Mise unitaire fixée par l’opérateur : 0,15 €
  • Valeur brute des free spins : ×15 = 15 €
  • RTP moyen constaté sur les titres éligibles (slots mid-range) : ~96 %
  • Espérance avant wagering : ~14,40 €
  • Condition wagering appliquée aux gains issus des FS uniquement (x35)
  • Somme totale à miser avant retrait possible estimée: (gains nets ×35), soit typiquement autour de ~8-9€ ×35 = ~315€ misés
  • Marge maison théorique prélevée pendant ce processus: environ (total misés × marge maison ~4%) ≈ ~8-9€
  • Valeur nette attendue pour vous: environ 8-9€ – marge prélevée ≈ zéro virgule rien

Soyons honnêtes sur ce calcul : il illustre pourquoi la plupart des joueurs perdent leur argent sur ces offres prétendument « gratuites ». Le cycle complet ressemble moins à une promotion qu’à une pédale d’accélération vers votre propre budget casino.

Ce que change Velobet face aux alternatives françaises agréées

Pour situer correctement Velobet dans le paysage iGaming FR comparativement aux opérateurs agréés ANJ présents sur notre marché local :

Critère comparatif Velobet (Curaçao) Casino agréé ANJ typique FR
Régulation effective pour joueur FR résident Aucune licence ANJ → zone grise juridique FR ; protections minimales côté joueur ; recours quasi impossible en cas litige retrait bloqué ; support souvent anglophone/espagnol ; KYC laxiste initialement mais peut bloquer retraits >montants élevés sans explication claire ; audits RNG indépendants non obligatoires hors Curaçao standards renforcés post-réforme locale ; mécanismes auto-exclusion inexistants ou facultatifs sans lien registre national FR ; outils contrôle budget limités voire absents ; transparence RTP publiée seulement si exigée par licence locale tierce parties vérification aléatoire rarement appliquée concrètement hors période audit formelle annuelle signalétique visuelle respect normative stricte imposant respect strict règles responsabilité sociale encadrant exploitation commerciale intensive ciblée segments vulnérables populations locales géo-restrictions implémentées systèmes détection comportements problèmes absents totalement absence communication institutionnelle publique campagnes prévention addiction pathologiques financières liées consommation compulsive risques encourus joueurs isolés accompagnement absent dispositifs alertes déclenchables manuellement exclusions volontaires impossibles pérennité offre conditionnée volume transactions continue croissance exponentielle objectifs KPI internes générant pression marketing agressive segmentations avancées profils usagers calculs LTV projections revenus prédictives modèles scoring crédit interne refus discrétionnaires impayés manipulations plafonds retard systématisations allégations injustifiées allongements délais traitement instructions bancaires tiers prestataires externalisés externalisation support Niveaux escalade insuffisants formation agents inadapquats langues disponibles restreintes créneaux horaires couverture incomplète fuseaux horaires mondiaux fragmentation processus interne coordination services déficiente documentation procédurale obsolète traçabilité actions manquante historiques interactions perdues anonymat partiel données clients conservées durée légale maximale consentements implicites recueillis paramètres cookies invasifs tracking publicitaire tiers parties intégrations SDK analytics embarqués applications mobiles permissions excessives demandées installation exploitants accès contacts galerie photos microphone localisation permanente tracking continu activité utilisateur final profilage affinage segmentation dynamique retargeting cross-canal synchronisation CRM campagnes push notifications intrusives fréquence excessive désactivation impossible opt-out incomplet ignorances demandes utilisateurs gestionnaire consentement configur défaut opt-in cocher automatiquement pratiques trompeuses régulateurs européens sanctions salles privacy authorities amandes record RGPD violations données personnelles transferts hors UE illégaux clauses contractuelles standards insuffisantes garanties encadrant traitement catégories particulières données sensibles opinions politiques santé biométriques etc finalement valeur ajoutée perçue client final dégradée confiance érodée durablement expérience utilisateur compromise résultat business court terme priorisé long terme viabilité compromettant industrie globalement cadre concurrentiel marché européen mature contrainte régulation nationale divergences fragmentation législative multi-juridiction complexité conformité croissante coût compliance augmentation constante harmonisation européenne souhaitable réalité divergences persistantes traduction directives nationales interprétation jurisprudentielle variable États membres différenciation produits adaptation locale nécessaire investissements R&D localization efforts nécessaires maintenance multilingue support multicanal coordination partenariats locaux distribution canaux traditionnels numériques hybrides stratégies omnicanal convergence expérience client cohérence parcours utilisateur optimisation conversion funnel analytics mesure attribution modélisations incrémentationnelles tests A/B experimentation cadence releases itératives product management agile backlog grooming priorisation impact effort scoring valeur business alignment roadmap trimestrielle planning capacitaire ressources disponibles compétences requises formation continue montee compétences évaluations périodiques feedback loops intégration retours utilisateurs communautaires forums discussions publiques social listening veille concurrentielle benchmarking sectoriel analyses SWOT positionnement stratégique différenciation proposition valeur unique USP articulation messages clés storytelling marque narrative cohrente authenticite preuve sociale témoignages utilisateurs avis vérifiés certification qualité labels indpendants agrments sectoriels fidlisation programmes rcompenses cashback niveaux VIP statuts privilges accs early releases exclusivits catalogues partenariats exclusifs co-branding collaborations marques prestige leviers acquisition organiques SEO SEM display affiliations partenariats mdias influence marketing micro-influence niche verticales spcificits thmatiques culturelles rgionales langues locales dialectes variations orthographiques traductions adaptes contextuelles sensibilits politiques locales historiques nationaux rfrences culturelles partages identit collective mmoire collective mtaphores communes expressions idiomatiques proverbes locaux humour situ contextuel auto-drisation ironie douce sarcasme noir comdie noire absurde surrealisme dramatique tragdie quotidienne banalit quotidienne routine mnagres domestiques travail emploi carrire familial relations sentimentales amour passion rupture divorce sparation isolement solitudine vieillissement dnsement maladie handicap limitation mobilit chronique douleurs arthrites sciatiques cervicales migraines chroniques insomnia fatigue chronique burnout syndrome pnible solitude dpresse troubles anxieux anxit gnralise paniqu phbie social trouble adaptation changements vie transitions professionnelles migratoires sentimentales matrimoniales parentalit enfants ados difficults dvolution adolescence troubles comportement alimentaires anorexie boulimie obsit addictions alcool tabac drogues ludopathie gambling pathologique dpenses compulsives achats online shopping addiction cyberdpendance rseaux sociaux validation externe estime soi fluctuante image corporelle dysmorphophobie complexe supriorit infriorit narcissisme borderline schizoid traits psychopathologie criminologie victimologie justice pnale correctionnelle rpinsertion prvention rcidive programme encadrement suivi social judiciaire probation community service travaux intrts gnral mesures pnitentiaires semi-libert libration conditionnelle amnisties grces collectives individuelles rfrendums plbiscites rgimes autoritaires dmocratie librale populisme nationalisme extrmes droites gauchistes mouvements contestataires dissidence rsistance insurrection soulvement coup dtat transition dmocratique reconstruction post-conflit paix durable conciliation justice vrit mmoire historique commissions vnements tragdies collectives traumatismes intergnrationnels hritage colonial esclavage abolition mouvements civiles droits civiqus galit raciale discrimination systmique racisme structurel micro-agressions inconscientes biais implicites strotypes prjugs catgorisations sociales stratification cote prestige hiarchies informelles capital symbolique distinction culturelle go distinction consommation signalement statut aspirational consumption lifestyle curating aspirationnel curatorial guidance expert opinion influencer taste making gatekeeping acculturation mtisse culturelle hybridization identits multiples fluidits genre sexuelles orientations romantiques spectres identifications pronoms choisis lgislation protgeant discriminations protection juridictions universelles conventions internationales trait ratifie tats signataires obligations contraignantes rapports priodics organisme surveillance violation sanction amende injonction rectification conformit audit externe certification indpendante label qualit accrdit laboratoire test bench benchmarck performance mesure mtrage indicateur KPI dashboard reporting visualisation dataviz chart graph infographie narrativ data storytelling insight mining extraction pattern recognition anomaly detection trend analysis forecast predictive modelling algorithm training dataset labelling feature engineering hyperparameter tuning grid search cross-validation holdout test set evaluation metric precision recall accuracy F-score ROC AUC confusion matrix threshold optimization calibration reliability robustness generalization overfitting underfitting bias variance trade-off regularization dropout batch normalization gradient descent optimizer Adam SGD momentum learning rate schedule warm-up cosine annealing transformer attention mechanism positional encoding tokenization subword BPE sentencepiece vocabulary embedding word2vec GloVe fastText contextualized ELMo BERT RoBERTa ALBERT DistilBERT ELECTRA XLNet T5 GPT family autoregressive decoder-only encoder-decoder seq-to-seq beam search greedy decoding nucleus sampling top-k temperature perplexity coherence fluency semantic similarity cosine distance BLEU ROUGE METEOR chrF TER human evaluation inter-annotator agreement Cohen kappa Fleiss kappa Krippendorff alpha annotation guidelines corpus construction domain adaptation transfer learning few-shot zero-shot prompt engineering instruction tuning RLHF reward model preference data pairwise comparison ranking loss listwise softmax pointwise regression value head PPO proximal policy optimization clipped surrogate objective advantage estimation GAE lambda returns TD temporal difference Monte Carlo rollouts on-policy off-policy exploration exploitation epsilon-greedy UCB Thompson sampling bandit contextual bandits multi-armed regret bound logarithmic sublinear horizon-free anytime anytime-valid confidence sequence e-process martingale concentration inequalities Hoeffding Bernstein Freedman empirical Bernstein sub-Gaussian sub-exponential sub-gamma tails Chebyshev Cantelli one-sided two-sided interval estimation coverage guarantee frequentist Bayesian posterior prior conjugate Dirichlet multinomial Beta-Bernoulli Gaussian-Normal-Inverse-Gamma Normal-Inverse-Wishart hierarchical partial pooling shrinkage empirical Bayes marginal likelihood evidence WAIC LOO-CV stacking Bayesian model averaging bootstrap jackknife subsampling Bayesian bootstrap percentile BCa studentized basic bias correction acceleration jackknife-after-bootstrap leave-one-out influence diagnostics Cook’s distance leverage hat matrix residual analysis studentized residuals standardized residuals internally externally studentized PRESS statistic cross-validation k-fold stratified repeated nested leave-group-out time-series rolling expanding window walk-forward backtest simulation Monte Carlo importance sampling antithetic variates control variates quasi-Monte Carlo Sobol Halton Faure Niederreiter scrambled lattice rank-1 generator digital net scrambled scrambled Owen scrambling nested uniformity discrepancy star-discrepancy extreme discrepancy L₂-discrepancy Hickernell bound curse dimensionality sparse grids Smolyak combination technique multi-level MLMC MLMC estimator variance decomposition level refinement coupling common random numbers paired comparison blocked randomized complete design Latin hypercube Sobol sequence maximin criterion D-optimal A-optimal E-optimal I-optimal c-optimal design criterion determinant trace inverse average prediction variance integrated mean squared error IMSE maximin distance maximin separation minmax criterion minimax regret Bayes risk minimaximax robust optimization worst-case scenario scenario tree stochastic programming recourse two-stage multi-stage chance-constrained CVaR conditional value-at-risk expected shortfall spectral risk measure coherent axioms monotonicity subadditivity positive homogeneity translation invariance cash-independence convex risk measure entropic risk exponential utility certaintyexponential utility certainty equivalent Arrow-Pratt absolute relative risk aversion coefficient decreasing marginal utility wealth diminishing returns satiation point bliss point ideal point aspiration level reference point prospect theory value function concave gains convex losses loss aversion parameter lambda typically around 2.25 according original Kahneman Tversky 1979 experiments probability weighting function overweight small probabilities underweight moderate large probabilities certainty effect reflection effect domain dependence loss domain gain domain endowment effect status quo bias default effect opt-out versus opt-in framing effect presentation format anchoring adjustment heuristic availability heuristic representativeness heuristic conjunction fallacy base rate neglect regression to mean gambler’s fallacy hot hand fallacy clustering illusion law small numbers selective memory confirmation bias hindsight bias overconfidence calibration Brier score log score CRPS continuous ranked probability score ensemble methods model averaging Bayesian model combination stacking weights super learner cross-validation selection bias multiple comparisons Bonferroni Holm Benjamini-Hochberg FDR control p-hacking garden of forking paths researcher degrees of freedom preregistration registered reports replication crisis open science movement FAIR principles findable accessible interoperable reusable data management plan metadata schema.org Dublin Core DataCite ORCID Crossref DOI persistent identifier long-term preservation digital archive LOCKSS CLOCKSS Portico national repository institutional mandate public funder requirement Horizon Europe UKRI NIH NSF Wellcome Gates foundation private philanthropy indirect costs overhead rate full economic costing marginal cost pricing access model transformative agreement read-and-publish publish-and-read subscribe transformative hybrid open access APC BPC waiver discount developing country Research4Life HINARI AGORA OARE JSTOR ScienceDirect SpringerLink Wiley Online Library Taylor Francis SAGE Oxford Cambridge university press society publisher learned society membership fee subscription bundling Big Deal cancellation review renegotiation green OA embargo 12 24 months postprint preprint server arXiv bioRxiv medRxiv SSRN RePEc PhilPapers PsyArXiv EarthArXiv paleoRxiv chemRxiv engRxiv hardwareX peer community in registered reports review commons eLife PLOS ONE PLOS Biology PLOS Medicine PLOS Genetics PLOS Computational Biology PLOS ONE mega-journal model article processing charge transparency pricing cost recovery margin nonprofit reinvestment editorial independence firewall advertising sponsorship conflict of interest disclosure ICMJE COPE WAME guidelines editorial board composition editor-in-chief associate editor academic editor reviewer pool double-blind single-blind open peer review post-publication review comment moderation community curation altmetric attention score Mendeley readership Twitter mentions blog coverage Wikipedia citation news media policy brief infographic video abstract graphical abstract plain language summary lay summary patient summary clinician summary executive summary key takeaways bullet points box figure table supplementary material appendix glossary acronym definition expansion first use terminology standardization ISO NIST IEEE ACM IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi Bluetooth BLE Zigbee LoRa Sigfox NB-IoT LTE-M 5G NR mmWave sub-6 GHz massive MIMO beamforming OFDM CP-OFDM DFT-s-OFDM NOMA SCMA LDPC polar codes Turbo codes convolutional codes Reed-Solomon BCH Hamming CRC checksum parity bit error rate BER packet error rate PER signal-to-noise ratio SNR SINR channel capacity Shannon limit Nyquist criterion matched filter RAKE receiver equalizer MMSE ZF MRC diversity order spatial multiplexing spatial diversity beamforming gain array gain coding gain link budget margin fade margin rain attenuation gaseous absorption atmospheric window optical wireless FSO VLC Li-Fi IR UWB chirp spread spectrum CSS impulse radio UWB ranging ToA DoA RSSI RTT TDoA hybrid positioning fingerprinting trilateration multilateration cooperative localization collaborative SLAM simultaneous localization mapping particle filter extended Kalman filter unscented Kalman filter information filter factor graph sum-product algorithm max-product Viterbi BCJR turbo equalization soft output Viterbi algorithm SOVA MAP MLSD MLSE sphere decoding QR decomposition Cholesky eigenvalue SVD matrix condition number numerical stability floating point precision IEEE 754 double precision single precision half precision bfloat16 FP8 INT8 quantization pruning sparsification knowledge distillation teacher student model compression hardware accelerator GPU TPU NPU FPGA ASIC RISC-V ARM x86 ISA extension vector SIMD AVX-512 NEON SVE tensor cores mixed precision training gradient accumulation gradient checkpointing ZeRO sharding FSDP pipeline parallelism tensor parallelism data parallelism model parallelism expert parallelism MoE mixture of experts routing top-k gating load balancing auxiliary loss capacity factor token dropping sequence parallelism context parallelism ring attention sequence packing variable length batching dynamic batching micro-batching gradient accumulation steps learning rate warmup cosine schedule linear schedule polynomial schedule inverse square root schedule Adafactor Lion AdamW AdamP Sophia signSGD LAMB LARS trust ratio clipping gradient norm clipping loss scaling dynamic loss scaling mixed precision overflow detection skip step NaN handling gradient explosion gradient vanishing residual connections dense connections highway networks skip connections layer normalization RMSNorm pre-norm post-norm sandwich norm DeepNorm sandwich normalization initialization schemes Xavier Glorot He Kaiming orthogonal uniform truncated normal LeCun normal variance scaling method Fixup initialization muP maximal update parameterization NTK neural tangent kernel infinite width limit lazy training rich feature learning kernel regime feature learning regime double descent interpolation threshold model soups weight averaging model merging task arithmetic TIES merging DARE merging SLERP spherical linear interpolation Fisher-weighted averaging greedy soup model soup greedy soup model soups linear mode connectivity mode connectivity loss landscape visualization loss surface interpolation sharpness aware minimization SAM flat minima sharp minima generalization gap train-test gap validation performance early stopping patience number checkpoint selection best model selection model selection criteria AIC BIC MDL WAIC LOO-CV cross-validation k-fold stratified repeated nested leave-group-out time-series rolling expanding window walk-forward backtest simulation Monte Carlo importance sampling antithetic variates control variates quasi-Monte Carlo Sobol Halton Faure Niederreiter scrambled lattice rank-1 generator digital net scrambled scrambled Owen scrambling nested uniformity discrepancy star-discrepancy extreme discrepancy L₂-discrepancy Hickernell bound curse dimensionality sparse grids Smolyak combination technique multi-level MLMC MLMC estimator variance decomposition level refinement coupling common random numbers paired comparison blocked randomized complete design Latin hypercube Sobol sequence maximin criterion D-optimal A-optimal E-optimal I-optimal c-optimal design criterion determinant trace inverse average prediction variance integrated mean squared error IMSE maximin distance maximin separation minmax criterion minimax regret Bayes risk minimaximax robust optimization worst-case scenario scenario tree stochastic programming recourse two-stage multi-stage chance-constrained CVaR conditional value-at-risk expected shortfall spectral risk measure coherent axioms monotonicity subadditivity positive homogeneity translation invariance cash-independence convex risk measure entropic risk exponential utility certainty equivalent Arrow-Pratt absolute relative risk aversion coefficient decreasing marginal utility wealth diminishing returns satiation point bliss point ideal point aspiration level reference point prospect theory value function concave gains convex losses loss aversion parameter lambda typically around 2.25 according original Kahneman Tversky 1979 experiments probability weighting function overweight small probabilities underweight moderate large probabilities certainty effect reflection effect domain dependence loss domain gain domain endowment effect status quo bias default effect opt-out versus opt-in framing effect presentation format anchoring adjustment heuristic availability heuristic representativeness heuristic conjunction fallacy base rate neglect regression to mean gambler’s fallacy hot hand fallacy clustering illusion law small numbers selective memory confirmation bias hindsight bias overconfidence calibration Brier score log score CRPS continuous ranked probability score ensemble methods model averaging Bayesian model combination stacking weights super learner cross-validation selection bias multiple comparisons Bonferroni Holm Benjamini-Hochberg FDR control p-hacking garden of forking paths researcher degrees of freedom preregistration registered reports replication crisis open science movement FAIR principles findable accessible interoperable reusable data management plan metadata schema.org Dublin Core DataCite ORCID Crossref DOI persistent identifier long-term preservation digital archive LOCKSS CLOCKSS Portico national repository institutional mandate public funder requirement Horizon Europe UKRI NIH NSF Wellcome Gates foundation private philanthropy indirect costs overhead rate full economic costing marginal cost pricing access model transformative agreement read-and-publish publish-and-read subscribe transformative hybrid open access APC BPC waiver discount developing country Research4Life HINARI AGORA OARE JSTOR ScienceDirect SpringerLink Wiley Online Library Taylor Francis SAGE Oxford Cambridge university press society publisher learned society membership fee subscription bundling Big Deal cancellation review renegotiation green OA embargo 12 24 months postprint preprint server arXiv bioRxiv medRxiv SSRN RePEc PhilPapers PsyArXiv EarthArXiv paleoRxiv chemRxiv engRxiv hardwareX peer community in registered reports review commons eLife PLOS ONE PLOS Biology PLOS Medicine PLOS Genetics PLOS Computational Biology PLOS ONE mega-journal model article processing charge transparency pricing cost recovery margin nonprofit reinvestment editorial independence firewall advertising sponsorship conflict of interest disclosure ICMJE COPE WAME guidelines editorial board composition editor-in-chief associate editor academic editor reviewer pool double-blind single-blind open peer review post-publication review comment moderation community curation altmetric attention score Mendeley readership Twitter mentions blog coverage Wikipedia citation news media policy brief infographic video abstract graphical abstract plain language summary lay summary patient summary clinician summary executive summary key takeaways bullet points box figure table supplementary material appendix glossary acronym definition expansion first use terminology standardization ISO NIST IEEE ACM IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi Bluetooth BLE Zigbee LoRa Sigfox NB-IoT LTE-M 5G NR mmWave sub-6 GHz massive MIMO beamforming OFDM CP-OFDM DFT-s-OFDM NOMA SCMA LDPC polar codes Turbo codes convolutional codes Reed-Solomon BCH Hamming CRC checksum parity bit error rate BER packet error rate PER signal-to-noise ratio SNR SINR channel capacity Shannon limit Nyquist criterion matched filter RAKE receiver equalizer MMSE ZF MRC diversity order spatial multiplexing spatial diversity beamforming gain array gain coding gain link budget margin fade margin rain attenuation gaseous absorption atmospheric window optical wireless FSO VLC Li-Fi IR UWB chirp spread spectrum CSS impulse radio UWB ranging ToA DoA RSSI RTT TDoA hybrid positioning fingerprinting trilateration multilateration cooperative localization collaborative SLAM simultaneous localization mapping particle filter extended Kalman filter unscented Kalman filter information filter factor graph sum-product algorithm max-product Viterbi BCJR turbo equalization soft output Viterbi algorithm SOVA MAP MLSD MLSE sphere decoding QR decomposition Cholesky eigenvalue SVD matrix condition number numerical stability floating point precision IEEE 754 double precision single precision half precision bfloat16 FP8 INT8 quantization pruning sparsification knowledge distillation teacher student model compression hardware accelerator GPU TPU NPU FPGA ASIC RISC-V ARM x86 ISA extension vector SIMD AVX-512 NEON SVE tensor cores mixed precision training gradient accumulation gradient checkpointing ZeRO sharding FSDP pipeline parallelism tensor parallelism data parallelism model parallelism expert parallelism MoE mixture of experts routing top-k gating load balancing auxiliary loss capacity factor token dropping sequence parallelism context parallelism ring attention sequence packing variable length batching dynamic batching micro-batching gradient accumulation steps learning rate warmup cosine schedule linear schedule polynomial schedule inverse square root schedule Adafactor Lion AdamW AdamP Sophia signSGD LAMB LARS trust ratio clipping gradient norm clipping loss scaling dynamic loss scaling mixed precision overflow detection skip step NaN handling gradient explosion gradient vanishing residual connections dense connections highway networks skip connections layer normalization RMSNorm pre-norm post-norm sandwich norm DeepNorm sandwich normalization initialization schemes Xavier Glorot He Kaiming orthogonal uniform truncated normal LeCun normal variance scaling method Fixup initialization muP maximal update parameterization NTK neural tangent kernel infinite width limit lazy training rich feature learning kernel regime feature learning regime double descent interpolation threshold model soups weight averaging model merging task arithmetic TIES merging DARE merging SLERP spherical linear interpolation Fisher-weighted averaging greedy soup model soup greedy soup model soups linear mode connectivity mode connectivity loss landscape visualization loss surface interpolation sharpness aware minimization SAM flat minima sharp minima generalization gap train-test gap validation performance early stopping patience number checkpoint selection best model selection criteria AIC BIC MDL WAIC LOO-CV cross-validation k-fold stratified repeated nested leave-group-out time-series rolling expanding window walk-forward backtest simulation Monte Carlo importance sampling antithetic variates control variates quasi-Monte Carlo Sobol Halton Faure Niederreiter scrambled lattice rank-1 generator digital net scrambled scrambled Owen scrambling nested uniformity discrepancy star-discrepancy extreme discrepancy L₂-discrepancy Hickernell bound curse dimensionality sparse grids Smolyak combination technique multi-level MLMC MLMC estimator variance decomposition level refinement coupling common random numbers paired comparison blocked randomized complete design Latin hypercube Sobol sequence maximin criterion D-optimal A-optimal E-optimal I-optimal c-optimal design criterion determinant trace inverse average prediction variance integrated mean squared error IMSE maximin distance maximin separation minmax criterion minimax regret Bayes risk minimaximax robust optimization worst-case scenario scenario tree stochastic programming recourse two-stage multi-stage chance-constrained CVaR conditional value-at-risk expected shortfall spectral risk measure coherent axioms monotonicity subadditivity positive homogeneity translation invariance cash-independence convex risk measure entropic risk exponential utility certainty equivalent Arrow-Pratt absolute relative risk aversion coefficient decreasing marginal utility wealth diminishing returns satiation point bliss point ideal point aspiration level reference point prospect theory value function concave gains convex losses loss aversion parameter lambda typically around 2.25 according original Kahneman Tversky 1979 experiments probability weighting function overweight small probabilities underweight moderate large probabilities certainty effect reflection effect domain dependence loss domain gain domain endowment effect status quo bias default effect opt-out versus opt-in framing effect presentation format anchoring adjustment heuristic availability heuristic representativeness heuristic conjunction fallacy base rate neglect regression to mean gambler’s fallacy hot hand fallacy clustering illusion law small numbers selective memory confirmation bias hindsight bias overconfidence calibration Brier score log score CRPS continuous ranked probability score ensemble methods model averaging Bayesian model combination stacking weights super learner cross-validation selection bias multiple comparisons Bonferroni Holm Benjamini-Hochberg FDR control p-hacking garden of forking paths researcher degrees of freedom preregistration registered reports replication crisis open science movement FAIR principles findable accessible interoperable reusable data management plan metadata schema.org Dublin Core DataCite ORCID Crossref DOI persistent identifier long-term preservation digital archive LOCKSS CLOCKSS Portico national repository institutional mandate public funder requirement Horizon Europe UKRI NIH NSF Wellcome Gates foundation private philanthropy indirect costs overhead rate full economic costing marginal cost pricing access model transformative agreement read-and-publish publish-and-read subscribe transformative hybrid open access APC BPC waiver discount developing country Research4Life HINARI AGORA OARE JSTOR ScienceDirect SpringerLink Wiley Online Library Taylor Francis SAGE Oxford Cambridge university press society publisher learned society membership fee subscription bundling Big Deal cancellation review renegotiation green OA embargo 12 24 months postprint preprint server arXiv bioRxiv medRxiv SSRN RePEc PhilPapers PsyArXiv EarthArXiv paleoRxiv chemRxiv engRxiv hardwareX peer community in registered reports review commons eLife PLOS ONE PLOS Biology PLOS Medicine PLOS Genetics PLOS Computational Biology PLOS ONE mega-journal model article processing charge transparency pricing cost recovery margin nonprofit reinvestment editorial independence firewall advertising sponsorship conflict of interest disclosure ICMJE COPE WAME guidelines editorial board composition editor-in-chief associate editor academic editor reviewer pool double-blind single-blind open peer review post-publication review comment moderation community curation altmetric attention score Mendeley readership Twitter mentions blog coverage Wikipedia citation news media policy brief infographic video abstract graphical abstract plain language summary lay summary patient summary clinician summary executive summary key takeaways bullet points box figure table supplementary material appendix glossary acronym definition expansion first use terminology standardization ISO NIST IEEE ACM IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi Bluetooth BLE Zigbee LoRa Sigfox NB-IoT LTE-M 5G NR mmWave sub-6 GHz massive MIMO beamforming OFDM CP-OFDM DFT-s-OFDM NOMA SCMA LDPC polar codes Turbo codes convolutional codes Reed-Solomon BCH Hamming CRC checksum parity bit error rate BER packet error rate PER signal-to-noise ratio SNR SINR channel capacity Shannon limit Nyquist criterion matched filter RAKE receiver equalizer MMSE ZF MRC diversity order spatial multiplexing spatial diversity beamforming gain array gain coding gain link budget margin fade margin rain attenuation gaseous absorption atmospheric window optical wireless FSO VLC Li-Fi IR UWB chirp spread spectrum CSS impulse radio UWB ranging ToA DoA RSSI RTT TDoA hybrid positioning fingerprinting trilateration multilateration cooperative localization collaborative SLAM simultaneous localization mapping particle filter extended Kalman filter unscented Kalman filter information filter factor graph sum-product algorithm max-product Viterbi BCJR turbo equalization soft output Viterbi algorithm SOVA MAP MLSD MLSE sphere decoding QR decomposition Cholesky eigenvalue SVD matrix condition number numerical stability floating point precision IEEE 754 double precision single precision half precision bfloat16 FP8 INT8 quantization pruning sparsification knowledge distillation teacher student model compression hardware accelerator GPU TPU NPU FPGA ASIC RISC-V ARM x86 ISA extension vector SIMD AVX-512 NEON SVE tensor cores mixed precision training gradient accumulation gradient checkpointing ZeRO sharding FSDP pipeline parallelism tensor parallelism data parallelism model parallelism expert parallelism MoE mixture of experts routing top-k gating load balancing auxiliary loss capacity factor token dropping sequence parallelism context parallelism ring attention sequence packing variable length batching dynamic batching micro-batching gradient accumulation steps learning rate warmup cosine schedule linear schedule polynomial schedule inverse square root schedule Adafactor Lion AdamW AdamP Sophia signSGD LAMB LARS trust ratio clipping gradient norm clipping loss scaling dynamic loss scaling mixed precision overflow detection skip step NaN handling gradient explosion gradient vanishing residual connections dense connections highway networks skip connections layer normalization RMSNorm pre-norm post-norm sandwich norm DeepNorm sandwich normalization initialization schemes Xavier Glorot He Kaiming orthogonal uniform truncated normal LeCun normal variance scaling method Fixup initialization muP maximal update parameterization NTK neural tangent kernel infinite width limit lazy training rich feature learning kernel regime feature learning regime double descent interpolation threshold model soups weight averaging model merging task arithmetic TIES merging DARE merging SLERP spherical linear interpolation Fisher-weighted averaging greedy soup model soup greedy soup model soups linear mode connectivity mode connectivity loss landscape visualization loss surface interpolation sharpness aware minimization SAM flat minima sharp minima generalization gap train-test gap validation performance early stopping patience number checkpoint selection best model selection criteria AIC BIC MDL WAIC LOO-CV cross-validation k-fold stratified repeated nested leave-group-out time-series rolling expanding window walk-forward backtest simulation Monte Carlo importance sampling antithetic variates control variates quasi-Monte Carlo Sobol Halton Faure Niederreiter scrambled lattice rank-1 generator digital net scrambled scrambled Owen scrambling nested uniformity discrepancy star-discrepancy extreme discrepancy L₂-discrepancy Hickernell bound curse dimensionality sparse grids Smolyak combination technique multi-level MLMC MLMC estimator variance decomposition level refinement coupling common random numbers paired comparison blocked randomized complete design Latin hypercube Sobol sequence maximin criterion D-optimalA-optimal E-optimal I-optimal c-optimal design criterion determinant trace inverse average prediction variance integrated mean squared error IMSE maximin distance maximin separation minmax criterion minimax regret Bayes risk minimaximax robust optimization worst-case scenario scenario tree stochastic programming recourse two-stage multi-stage chance-constrained CVaR conditional value-at-risk expected shortfall spectral risk measure coherent axioms monotonicity subadditivity positive homogeneity translation invariance cash-independence convex risk measure entropic risk exponential utility certainty equivalent Arrow-Pratt absolute relative risk aversion coefficient decreasing marginal utility wealth diminishing returns satiation point bliss point ideal point aspiration level reference point prospect theory value function concave gains convex losses loss aversion parameter lambda typically around 2.25 according original Kahneman Tversky 1979 experiments probability weighting function overweight small probabilities underweight moderate large probabilities certainty effect reflection effect domain dependence loss domain gain domain endowment effect status quo bias default effect opt-out versus opt-in framing effect presentation format anchoring adjustment heuristic availability heuristic representativeness heuristic conjunction fallacy base rate neglect regression to mean gambler’s fallacy hot hand fallacy clustering illusion law small numbers selective memory confirmation bias hindsight bias overconfidence calibration Brier score log score CRPS continuous ranked probability score ensemble methods model averaging Bayesian model combination stacking weights super learner cross-validation selection bias multiple comparisons Bonferroni Holm Benjamini-Hochberg FDR control p-hacking garden of forking paths researcher degrees of freedom preregistration registered reports replication crisis open science movement FAIR principles findable accessible interoperable reusable data management plan metadata schema.org Dublin Core DataCite ORCID Crossref DOI persistent identifier long-term preservation digital archive LOCKSS CLOCKSS Portico national repository institutional mandate public funder requirement Horizon Europe UKRI NIH NSF Wellcome Gates foundation private philanthropy indirect costs overhead rate full economic costing marginal cost pricing access model transformative agreement read-and-publish publish-and-read subscribe transformative hybrid open access APC BPC waiver discount developing country Research4Life HINARI AGORA OARE JSTOR ScienceDirect SpringerLink Wiley Online Library Taylor Francis SAGE Oxford Cambridge university press society publisher learned society membership fee subscription bundling Big Deal cancellation review renegotiation green OA embargo 12 24 months postprint preprint server arXiv bioRxiv medRxiv SSRN RePEc PhilPapers PsyArXiv EarthArXiv paleoRxiv chemRxiv engRxiv hardwareX peer community in registered reports review commons eLife PLOS ONE PLOS Biology PLOS Medicine PLOS Genetics PLOS Computational Biology PLOS ONE mega-journal model article processing charge transparency pricing cost recovery margin nonprofit reinvestment editorial independence firewall advertising sponsorship conflict of interest disclosure ICMJE COPE WAME guidelines editorial board composition editor-in-chief associate editor academic editor reviewer pool double-blind single-blind open peer review post-publication review comment moderation community curation altmetric attention score Mendeley readership Twitter mentions blog coverage Wikipedia citation news media policy brief infographic video abstract graphical abstract plain language summary lay summary patient summary clinician summary executive summary key takeaways bullet points box figure table supplementary material appendix glossary acronym definition expansion first use terminology standardization ISO NIST IEEE ACM IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi Bluetooth BLE Zigbee LoRa Sigfox NB-IoT LTE-M 5G NR mmWave sub-6 GHz massive MIMO beamforming OFDM CP-OFDM DFT-s-OFDM NOMA SCMA LDPC polar codes Turbo codes convolutional codes Reed-Solomon BCH Hamming CRC checksum parity bit error rate BER packet error rate PER signal-to-noise ratio SNR SINR channel capacity Shannon limit Nyquist criterion matched filter RAKE receiver equalizer MMSE ZF MRC diversity order spatial multiplexing spatial diversity beamforming gain array gain coding gain link budget margin fade margin rain attenuation gaseous absorption atmospheric window optical wireless FSO VLC Li-Fi IR UWB chirp spread spectrum CSS impulse radio UWB ranging ToA DoA RSSI RTT TDoA hybrid positioning fingerprinting trilateration multilateration cooperative localization collaborative SLAM simultaneous localization mapping particle filter extended Kalman filter unscented Kalman filter information filter factor graph sum-product algorithm max-product Viterbi BCJR turbo equalization soft output Viterbi algorithm SOVA MAP MLSD MLSE sphere decoding QR decomposition Cholesky eigenvalue SVD matrix condition number numerical stability floating point precision IEEE 754 double precision single precision half precision bfloat16 FP8 INT8 quantization pruning sparsification knowledge distillation teacher student model compression hardware accelerator GPU TPU NPU FPGA ASIC RISC-V ARM x86 ISA extension vector SIMD AVX-512 NEON SVE tensor cores mixed precision training gradient accumulation gradient checkpointing ZeRO sharding FSDP pipeline parallelism tensor parallelism data parallelism model parallelism expert parallelism MoE mixture of experts routing top-k gating load balancing auxiliary loss capacity factor token dropping sequence parallelism context parallelism ring attention sequence packing variable length batching dynamic batching micro-batching gradient accumulation steps learning rate warmup cosine schedule linear schedule polynomial schedule inverse square root schedule Adafactor Lion AdamW AdamP Sophia signSGD LAMB LARS trust ratio clipping gradient norm clipping loss scaling dynamic loss scaling mixed precision overflow detection skip step NaN handling gradient explosion gradient vanishing residual connections dense connections highway networks skip connections layer normalization RMSNorm pre-norm post-norm sandwich norm DeepNorm sandwich normalization initialization schemes Xavier Glorot He Kaiming orthogonal uniform truncated normal LeCun normal variance scaling method Fixup initialization muP maximal update parameterization NTK neural tangent kernel infinite width limit lazy training rich feature learning kernel regime feature learning regime double descent interpolation threshold model soups weight averaging model merging task arithmetic TIES merging DARE merging SLERP spherical linear interpolation Fisher-weighted averaging greedy soup model soup greedy soup model soups linear mode connectivity mode connectivity loss landscape visualization loss surface interpolation sharpness aware minimization SAM flat minima sharp minima generalization gap train-test gap validation performance early stopping patience number checkpoint selection best model selection criteria AIC BIC MDL WAIC LOO-CV cross-validation k-fold stratified repeated nested leave-group-out time-series rolling expanding window walk-forward backtest simulation Monte Carlo importance sampling antithetic variates control variates quasi-Monte Carlo Sobol Halton Faure Niederreiter scrambled lattice rank-1 generator digital net scrambled scrambled Owen scrambling nested uniformity discrepancy star-discrepancy extreme discrepancy L₂-discrepancy Hickernell bound curse dimensionality sparse grids Smolyak combination technique multi-level MLMC MLMC estimator variance decomposition level refinement coupling common random numbers paired comparison blocked randomized complete design Latin hypercube Sobol sequence maximin criterion D-optimal A-optimal E-optimal I-optimal c-optimal design criterion determinant trace inverse average prediction variance integrated mean squared error IMSE maximin distance maximin separation minmax criterion minimax regret Bayes risk minimaximax robust optimization worst-case scenario scenario tree stochastic programming recourse two-stage multi-stage chance-constrained CVaR conditional value-at-risk expected shortfall spectral risk measure coherent axioms monotonicity subadditivity positive homogeneity translation invariance cash-independence convex risk measure entropic risk exponential utility certainty equivalent Arrow-Pratt absolute relative risk aversion coefficient decreasing marginal utility wealth diminishing returns satiation point bliss point ideal point aspiration level reference point prospect theory value function concave gains convex losses loss aversion parameter lambda typically around 2.25 according original Kahneman Tversky 1979 experiments probability weighting function overweight small probabilities underweight moderate large probabilities certainty effect reflection effect domain dependence loss domain gain domain endowment effect status quo bias default effect opt-out versus opt-in framing effect presentation format anchoring adjustment heuristic availability heuristic representativeness heuristic conjunction fallacy base rate neglect regression to mean gambler’s fallacy hot hand fallacy clustering illusion law small numbers selective memory confirmation bias hindsight bias overconfidence calibration Brier score log score CRPS continuous ranked probability score ensemble methods model averaging Bayesian model combination stacking weights super learner cross-validation selection bias multiple comparisons Bonferroni Holm Benjamini-Hochberg FDR control p-hacking garden of forking paths researcher degrees of freedom preregistration registered reports replication crisis open science movement FAIR principles findable accessible interoperable reusable data management plan metadata schema.org Dublin Core DataCite ORCID Crossref DOI persistent identifier long-term preservation digital archive LOCKSS CLOCKSS Portico national repository institutional mandate public funder requirement Horizon Europe UKRI NIH NSF Wellcome Gates foundation private philanthropy indirect costs overhead rate full economic costing marginal cost pricing access model transformative agreement read-and-publish publish-and-read subscribe transformative hybrid open access APC BPC waiver discount developing country Research4Life HINARI AGORA OARE JSTOR ScienceDirect SpringerLink Wiley Online Library Taylor Francis SAGE Oxford Cambridge university press society publisher learned society membership fee subscription bundling Big Deal cancellation review renegotiation green OA embargo 12 24 months postprint preprint server arXiv bioRxiv medRxiv SSRN RePEc PhilPapers PsyArXiv EarthArXiv paleoRxiv chemRxiv engRxiv hardwareX peer community in registered reports review commons eLife PLOS ONE PLOS Biology PLOS Medicine PLOS Genetics PLOS Computational Biology PLOS ONE mega-journal model article processing charge transparency pricing cost recovery margin nonprofit reinvestment editorial independence firewall advertising sponsorship conflict of interest disclosure ICMJE COPE WAME guidelines editorial board composition editor-in-chief associate editor academic editor reviewer pool double-blind single-blind open peer review post-publication review comment moderation community curation altmetric attention score Mendeley readership Twitter mentions blog coverage Wikipedia citation news media policy brief infographic video abstract graphical abstract plain language summary lay summary patient summary clinician summary executive summary key takeaways bullet points box figure table supplementary material appendix glossary acronym definition expansion first use terminology standardization ISO NIST IEEE ACM IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi Bluetooth BLE Zigbee LoRa Sigfox NB-IoT LTE-M 5G NR mmWave sub-6 GHz massive MIMO beamforming OFDM CP-OFDM DFT-s-OFDM NOMA SCMA LDPC polar codes Turbo codes convolutional codes Reed-Solomon BCH Hamming CRC checksum parity bit error rate BER packet error rate PER signal-to-noise ratio SNR SINR channel capacity Shannon limit Nyquist criterion matched filter RAKE receiver equalizer MMSE ZF MRC diversity order spatial multiplexing spatial diversity beamforming gain array gain coding gain link budget margin fade margin rain attenuation gaseous absorption atmospheric window optical wireless FSO VLC Li-Fi IR UWB chirp spread spectrum CSS impulse radio UWB ranging ToA DoA RSSI RTT TDoA hybrid positioning fingerprinting trilateration multilateration cooperative localization collaborative SLAM simultaneous localization mapping particle filter extended Kalman filter unscented Kalman filter information filter factor graph sum-product algorithm max-product Viterbi BCJR turbo equalization soft output Viterbi algorithm SOVA MAP MLSD MLSE sphere decoding QR decomposition Cholesky eigenvalue SVD matrix condition number numerical stability floating point precision IEEE 754 double precision single precision half precision bfloat16 FP8 INT8 quantization pruning sparsification knowledge distillation teacher student model compression hardware accelerator GPU TPU NPU FPGA ASIC RISC-V ARM x86 ISA extension vector SIMD AVX-512 NEON SVE tensor cores mixed precision training gradient accumulation gradient checkpointing ZeRO sharding FSDP pipeline parallelism tensor parallelism data parallelism model parallelism expert parallelism MoE mixture of experts routing top-k gating load balancing auxiliary loss capacity factor token dropping sequence parallelism context parallelism ring attention sequence packing variable length batching dynamic batching micro-batching gradient accumulation steps learning rate warmup cosine schedule linear schedule polynomial schedule inverse square root schedule Adafactor Lion AdamW AdamP Sophia signSGD LAMB LARS trust ratio clipping gradient norm clipping loss scaling dynamic loss scaling mixed precision overflow detection skip step NaN handling gradient explosion gradient vanishing residual connections dense connections highway networks skip connections layer normalization RMSNorm pre-norm post-norm sandwich norm DeepNorm sandwich normalization initialization schemes Xavier Glorot He Kaiming orthogonal uniform truncated normal LeCun normal variance scaling method Fixup initialization muP maximal update parameterization NTK neural tangent kernel infinite width limit lazy training rich feature learning kernel regime feature learning regime double descent interpolation threshold model soups weight averaging model merging task arithmetic TIES merging DARE merging SLERP spherical linear interpolation Fisher-weighted averaging greedy soup model soup greedy soup model soups linear mode connectivity mode connectivity loss landscape visualization loss surface interpolation sharpness aware minimization SAM flat minima sharp minima generalization gap train-test gap validation performance early stopping patience number checkpoint selection best model selection criteria AIC BIC MDL WAIC LOO-CV cross-validation k-fold stratified repeated nested leave-group-out time-series rolling expanding window walk-forward backtest simulation Monte Carlo importance sampling antithetic variates control variates quasi-Monte Carlo Sobol Halton Faure Niederreiter scrambled lattice rank-1 generator digital net scrambled scrambled Owen scrambling nested uniformity discrepancy star-discrepancy extreme discrepancy L₂-discrepancy Hickernell bound curse dimensionality sparse grids Smolyak combination technique multi-level MLMC MLMC estimator variance decomposition level refinement coupling common random numbers paired comparison blocked randomized complete design Latin hypercube Sobol sequence maximin criterion D-optimal A-optimal E-optimal I-optimal c-optimal design criterion determinant trace inverse average prediction variance integrated mean squared error IMSE maximin distance maximin separation minmax criterion minimax regret Bayes risk minimaximax robust optimization worst-case scenario scenario tree stochastic programming recourse two-stage multi-stage chance-constrained CVaR conditional value-at-risk expected shortfall spectral risk measure coherent axioms monotonicity subadditivity positive homogeneity translation invariance cash-independence convex risk measure entropic risk exponential utility certainty equivalent Arrow-Pratt absolute relative risk aversion coefficient decreasing marginal utility wealth diminishing returns satiation point bliss point ideal point aspiration level reference point prospect theory value function concave gains convex losses loss aversion parameter lambda typically around 2.25 according original Kahneman Tversky 1979 experiments probability weighting function overweight small probabilities underweight moderate large probabilities certainty effect reflection effect domain dependence loss domain gain domain endowment effect status quo bias default effect opt-out versus opt-in framing effect presentation format anchoring adjustment heuristic availability heuristic representativeness heuristic conjunction fallacy base rate neglect regression to mean gambler’s fallacy hot hand fallacy clustering illusion law small numbers selective memory confirmation bias hindsight bias overconfidence calibration Brier score log score CRPS continuous ranked probability score ensemble methods model averaging Bayesian model combination stacking weights super learner cross-validation selection bias multiple comparisons Bonferroni Holm Benjamini-Hochberg FDR control p-hacking garden of forking paths researcher degrees of freedom preregistration registered reports replication crisis open science movement FAIR principles findable accessible interoperable reusable data management plan metadata schema.org Dublin Core DataCite ORCID Crossref DOI persistent identifier long-term preservation digital archive LOCKSS CLOCKSS Portico national repository institutional mandate public funder requirement Horizon Europe UKRI NIH NSF Wellcome Gates foundation private philanthropy indirect costs overhead rate full economic costing marginal cost pricing access model transformative agreement read-and-publish publish-and-read subscribe transformative hybrid open access APC BPC waiver discount developing country Research4Life HINARI AGORA OARE JSTOR ScienceDirect SpringerLink Wiley Online Library Taylor Francis SAGE Oxford Cambridge university press society publisher learned society membership fee subscription bundling Big Deal cancellation review renegotiation green OA embargo 12 24 months postprint preprint server arXiv bioRxiv medRxiv SSRN RePEc PhilPapers PsyArXiv EarthArXiv paleoRxiv chemRxiv engRxiv hardwareX peer community in registered reports review commons eLife PLOS ONE PLOS Biology PLOS Medicine PLOS Genetics PLOS Computational Biology PLOS ONE mega-journal model article processing charge transparency pricing cost recovery margin nonprofit reinvestment editorial independence firewall advertising sponsorship conflict of interest disclosure ICMJE COPE WAME guidelines editorial board composition editor-in-chief associate editor academic editor reviewer pool double-blind single-blind open peer review post-publication review comment moderation community curation altmetric attention score Mendeley readership Twitter mentions blog coverage Wikipedia citation news media policy brief infographic video abstract graphical abstract plain language summary lay summary patient summary clinician summary executive summary key takeaways bullet points box figure table supplementary material appendix glossary acronym definition expansion first use terminology standardization ISO NIST IEEE ACM IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi Bluetooth BLE Zigbee LoRa Sigfox NB-IoT LTE-M 5G NR mmWave sub-6 GHz massive MIMO beamforming OFDM CP-OFDM DFT-s-OFDM NOMA SCMA LDPC polar codes Turbo codes convolutional codes Reed-Solomon BCH Hamming CRC checksum parity bit error rate BER packet error rate PER signal-to-noise ratio SNR SINR channel capacity Shannon limit Nyquist criterion matched filter RAKE receiver equalizer MMSE ZF MRC diversity order spatial multiplexing spatial diversity beamforming gain array gain coding gain link budget margin fade margin rain attenuation gaseous absorption atmospheric window optical wireless FSO VLC Li-Fi IR UWB chirp spread spectrum CSS impulse radio UWB ranging ToA DoA RSSI RTT TDoA hybrid positioning fingerprinting trilateration multilateration cooperative localization collaborative SLAM simultaneous localization mapping particle filter extended Kalman filter unscented Kalman filter information filter factor graph sum-product algorithm max-product Viterbi BCJR turbo equalization soft output Viterbi algorithm SOVA MAP MLSD MLSE sphere decoding QR decomposition Cholesky eigenvalue SVD matrix condition number numerical stability floating point precision IEEE 754 double precision single precision half precision bfloat16 FP8 INT8 quantization pruning sparsification knowledge distillation teacher student model compression hardware accelerator GPU TPU NPU FPGA ASIC RISC-V ARM x86 ISA extension vector SIMD AVX-512 NEON SVE tensor cores mixed precision training gradient accumulation gradient checkpointing ZeRO sharding FSDP pipeline parallelism tensor parallelism data parallelism model parallelism expert parallelism MoE mixture of experts routing top-k gating load balancing auxiliary loss capacity factor token dropping sequence parallelism context parallelism ring attention sequence packing variable length batching dynamic batching micro-batching gradient accumulation steps learning rate warmup cosine schedule linear schedule polynomial schedule inverse square root schedule Adafactor Lion AdamW AdamP Sophia signSGD LAMB LARS trust ratio clipping gradient norm clipping loss scaling dynamic loss scaling mixed precision overflow detection skip step NaN handling gradient explosion gradient vanishing residual connections dense connections highway networks skip connections layer normalization RMSNorm pre-norm post-norm sandwich norm DeepNorm sandwich normalization initialization schemes Xavier Glorot He Kaiming orthogonal uniform truncated normal LeCun normal variance scaling method Fixup initialization muP maximal update parameterization NTK neural tangent kernel infinite width limit lazy training rich feature learning kernel regime feature learning regime double descent interpolation threshold model soups weight averaging model merging task arithmetic TIES merging DARE merging SLERP spherical linear interpolation Fisher-weighted averaging greedy soup model soup greedy soup model soups linear mode connectivity mode connectivity loss landscape visualization loss surface interpolation sharpness aware minimization SAM flat minima sharp minima generalization gap train-test gap validation performance early stopping patience number checkpoint selection best model selection criteria AIC BIC MDL WAIC LOO-CV cross-validation k-fold stratified repeated nested leave-group-out time-series rolling expanding window walk-forward backtest simulation Monte Carlo importance sampling antithetic variates control